Introduction to personality

Introduction to mortalalityThe manner in which a soulfulness stages and interacts is a reflection of his somebodyality. character is influenced by hereditary, cultural and mixer factor forbiddens. no matter of how its defined, however, psychologists mainly accept certain principles record is an organized whole oppositewise, the item-by-item would have no bastardlying. genius expects to be organized into patterns that ar to few degree observable and measurable.Although constitution has a biologic basis, its specific increase is too a product of hearty and cultural environments. temperament has glib aspects such as attitudes toward being a team leader and a deeper core such as sentiments about authority or the Protestant work ethic. spirit involves both common and unique characteristics. Every person is different from every early(a) person in some respects, tour being similar to other persons in other respects.(Sources from James L Gibson, John M. Ivancevich, Ja ms H. Donnelly, JR and Robert Konopaske, (2003). Organisational Behavior, Structure, Process, New Yoke The McGraw-Hill Companies).Part of the pleasure of getting to go to bed some i is the fascination of learning who they argon and how they think. Each person has a unique pattern of thinking, behaving, and expressing their opinionings. In short, everyone has a unique personalizedity.Without doubt, character touches our fooling lives. Falling in love, choosing friends, getting along with co-workers, voting for a president, or coping with your zaniest relatives all raise questions about record.What is Personality?Personality could be further rationaliseed by the following theories by various writersPersonality behind be defines as an integrated part of an individual it is something a person does or has. People bring their personalities to situations and prep ar them away with them when they leave (Davey, 2004).Personality defines as a stable desex of characteristics and pl ayencies that determine commonalities and differences in messs bearing (James, 1994).Personality defines as a persons unique pattern of thinking, emotions, and carriage (Funder, 2001).Personality defines as the organizes in spite of appearance a person that explain why he or she creates a particular impression on others (MacKinnon, 1969).Personality refers to the consistence in who you be, have been, and will become. It also refers to the special blend of talents, protect, hopes, loves, hates, and habits that makes severally of us a unique person (Coon, 2006).Personality defines as an individuals spirit is a relatively stable set of characteristics, be givenencies and temperaments that have been significantly make by inheritance and by social, cultural and environmental factors. This set of variables determines the commonalities and differences and differences in the conduct of the individual (Gibson, 2003).Personality defines as the distinctive impression a person make s on others (Goldberg, 1993).Personality defines as a dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create a persons characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings (Carver and Scheier, 2000) (Allport, 1961). Personality defines as the combinations of the psychological traces that characterise that person (Robbins and DeCenzo, 2005).Personality defines as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations (Ryckman, 2004).Determinants of PersonalityPersonality is the outcome of a continuous personal lumber development process. The role of nature becomes clear in a particular situation. Personality is recognised in a situation. It is the results of personal quality interaction in a particular condition. The major determinants of genius of an individual are given belowBiological factorsHeredity Heredity refers to those factors th at were stubborn at conception. Physic stature, facial attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to be every completely or substantially influenced by who your parents were that is, by their biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup. The contribution of heredity to personality development is vividly clear for developing external appearance, behavior, social stimuli, self inner awareness, organizing marks, etc.Environment Exerts pressure on personality formation. Culture, religious practices, family groups, friends, social groups and come play a part in shaping personality. Culture establishes norms, attitudes, and values that are passed over generations.Situation Personality changes in different situations. Different situations demand different instances of behavior. Situations restrict or cause us elicit certain types of behaviors. We act differen tly when attention funeral. We display different behavior when at melting employment interview.Personality lineamentsPersonality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of mint. Personality types are noble from personality attributes, which come in different levels or degrees. According to type theories, for instance, there are two fundamentals types of people, introverts and extraverts. According to traits theories, introversion and extroversion are part of a continuous holding.Extraverts energy is directed in the beginning outward, towards people and things outside of themselves. Introverts energy is primarily directed inward, towards their own thoughts, perceptions, and reactions. Therefore, extraverts guide to be much(prenominal) naturally active, expressive, social, and interest in many things, whereas introverts slope to be to a greater extent(prenominal) reserved, private, cautions, and interested in fewer interactions, but with great depth and focus. Below Figure 1 is the characteristic of Extraverts and Introverts (Tieger Barron, 2003).Even though types carry to oversimplify personality, they do have value. Most often, types are a shorthand way of labeling who have several traits in common. One well known example of personality types is subject A theory. According to this theory, impatient, foreign people are classified as part A, whereas calm, laid spine individuals are designated as lineament B.Type AIn Type A personality, people belonging to such category are difficult driving, ambitious, extremely competitive, effect oriented, and striving. Type A people believe that with becoming effort they can overcome any obstacle, and they push themselves accordingly (Niaura, 2002).Types As expect to chafe at the normal pace of events. They hurry from one activity to another, racing the clock in self-imposed urgency. As they do, they feel a constant sense of frustration and anger. Feelings of anger and ho stility, in particular, are strongly related to increased risk of heart attack (Niaura, 2002).Characteristics of Type A people are summarized in the short self-identification test presented in Figure 2 below.Characteristics of the Type A PersonHave a habit of explosively accentuating various key words in banausic speech even when there is no need for such accentuation. wind up other peoples sentences for them.Always move, walk and eat rapidly.Quickly skim nurture material and prefer summaries or condensations of books.Become intimately angered by slow-moving lines or traffic.Feel an impatience with the rate at which approximately events take place.Tend to be unaware of the details or watcher of your surroundings.ofttimes strive to think of or do two or more things simultaneously.Almost always feel vaguely guilty when you relax, vacation, or do absolutely nothing for several days.Tend to evaluate your expenditure in quantitative terms (number of As earned, amount of income, num ber of games won, and so forth).Have nervous gestures or muscle twitches, such as excoriation your teeth, clenching your fists, or drumming your fingers.Attempt to schedule more and more activities into slight time and in so doing make fewer allowances for unforeseen problems.Frequently think about other things while talking to someone.Repeatedly take on more responsibilities than you can comfortably handle.(Shortened and fit from Meyer Friedman and dig H. Rosenman, Type A Behavior and Your Heart, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1983).As our society places a premium on achievement, competition, and mastery, it is not surprising that many people develop Type A personalities. The best way to nullify the self-made melody this causes is to adopt behavior that is the opposite of that listed in Figure 2 above. It is entirely possible to keep up in life without sacrificing your health or happiness in the process.Type BThe converse, the Type B individual, mainly is free of the Type A behavior pattern characteristics and generally feels no pressing conflict with either time or persons. The Type B whitethorn have sizable drive, want to accomplish things and work hard, but the Type B has a confident style that allows him or her to work at a unfluctuating pace and not to race against the clock. The Type A has been likened to a race horse the Type B, to a turtle.Type B individual appear more relaxed and easy-going. They accept situations and work within them rather fight them competitively. Type B individual are especially relaxed regarding time pressure, so they are little disposed to have problems associated with stress. Still, Type B individuals can be highly productive workers who meet schedule expectations they simply obtain results in a different manner.Characteristics of the Type B PersonPatientRelaxesEasy-going, mellowwhitethorn avoid confrontationNot quick to anger(Shortened and adapted from Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, Type A Behavior and Your Heart, Alfr ed A. Knopf, Inc, 1983).Personality Traits quintuple specific personality traits have proven most powerful in explaining individual behavior in organizations. These are locus of control, machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring and risk propensity.Locus of govern most people believe that they control their own fate. Others see themselves as pawns of fate, accept that what happens to them in their lives us due to luck or chance. The Locus of Control in the first case is internal. In the second case, it is external these people believe that their lives are controlled by outside forces. A manager big businessman also expect to find that externals blame a poor carrying out evaluation on their bosss prejudice, their employees, or other events outside their control, whereas internal explain the same evaluation in terms of their own actions.MachiavellianismThe second personality trait is called Machiavellianism. An individual who is high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintain s emotional distance, believes that ends can justify means, and is found to have beliefs that are little(prenominal) ethical. Jobs that require bargaining skills (labour negotiator) or that have substantial rewards for winning (a commissioned salesperson), high Machiavellianism are productive. In job in which ends do not justify the means or that lack absolute standards of the performance, it is difficult to predict the performance of high Machiavellianism. self-conceitPeople differ in the degree to which they like or abominate themselves. This trait is called Self-Esteem. The research on Self-Esteem offers some interesting insights into organizational behavior. For instance, Self-Esteem is directly related to expectations for success. High Self-Esteem believed that they possess the index to succeed at work. Individuals with high Self-Esteem will take more risks in job selection and are more believably to train unconventional jobs than are people with low Self-Esteem. humble d Self-Esteem is dependent on decreed evaluations from others. As a result, they are more likely to look to approval from others and more prone to conform to the beliefs and behaviors of those they respect than are high Self-Esteems.Self-MonitoringThe third personality trait is called Self-Monitoring. It refers to an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors (Snyder, 1987). Individuals high in Self-Monitoring can show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external, situational factors. They are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations.Risk PropensityThe final personality trait is called Risk Propensity. A preference to assume or avoid risk has been shown to have an impact on how long it takes individuals to make a decision and how much information they require before making their choice. For instance, 79 managers worked on a simulated human resources management exercise that es sential them to make hiring decisions (Taylor, 2000). High risk-taking managers made more rapid decisions and used less information in making their choices than did the low risk-taking managers. Interestingly, the decisions accuracy was the same for both groups.The Brobdingnagian 5 shapesThe Big Five represents taxonomy (classification system) of traits that some personality psychologists insinuate capture the essence of individual differences in personality. These traits were arrived at through factor analysis studies.The five factors are nakedness, painstakingness, Extraversion, amenity, and neuroticism.The following are some of the central characteristics of the five factors.The factors are dimensions, not types, so people vary infinitely on them, with most people falling in between the extremes (Soldz Vaillant, 1999).The factors are stable over a 45-year period beginning in youth adulthood (Soldz Vaillant, 1999).The factors and their specific facets are heritable (McCr ae, 1998).The factors probably had adaptive value in a prehistoric environment (Buss, 1996).The factors are considered universal, having been recovered in languages as diverse as German and Chinese (McCrae Costa, 1997).Knowing ones office on the factors is useful for insight and improvement through therapy (McCrae Costa, 1992).The Big Five factors and their constituent traitsOpennessAppreciation for art, Emotion, Adventure, Unusual ideas, Imagination, Curiosity and Variety of give birthConscientiousnessA purpose to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement planned rather than ad-lib behavior.ExtraversionEnergy, Positive emotions, Surgency, and the passency to seek stimulation and the club of others.AgreeablenessA tendency to be tender and conjunctive rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.NeuroticismA tendency to put through unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability sometimes called emotional instabi lity.(Source adapted from J. S. Wiggins (Ed.). The five-factor mode of personality Theoretical perspectives. New York Guilford).OpennessOpenness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. The trait distinguishes imaginative people from down-to-earth, conventional people. People who are open to experience are intellectually curious, appreciative of art, and sensitive to beauty. They tend to be, compared to closed people, more creative and more aware of their feelings. They are more likely to get hold of unconventional beliefs (Buss D. M., 1996).People with low tons on openness tend to have more conventional, traditional interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. They may regard the arts and sciences with suspicion, regarding these endeavours as abstruse or of no applicative use. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty. They are conservati ve and broad to change (Buss D. M., 1996).ConscientiousnessConscientiousness is a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement. The trait shows a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behaviour. It influences the way in which we control, regulate, and direct our impulses (Buss D. M., 1996).The benefits of high conscientiousness are obvious. Conscientious individuals avoid trouble and achieve high levels of success through purposive planning and persistence. They are also positively regarded by others as agile and reliable. On the negative side, they can be compulsive perfectionists and workaholics (Buss D. M., 1996).ExtraversionExtraversion, also called extroversion, is characterized by positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others. The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enrapture being with people, and are often perceived as full of energy. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals who are likely to say Yes or Lets go to opportunities for excitement. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to themselves (Buss D. M., 1996).Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and activity levels of extraverts. They tend to be quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less involved in the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression. Introverts simply need less stimulation than extraverts and more time solo (Buss D. M., 1996).AgreeablenessAgreeableness is a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. The trait reflects individual differences in aid with for social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others. Agreeable people also have an bullish view of human nature. T hey believe people are basically honest, decent, and faithful (Burger, 2008).Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others well-being, and are less likely to extend themselves for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and uncooperative (Burger, 2008).NeuroticismNeuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. It is sometimes called emotional instability. Those who cause high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress. They are more likely to interpret mean(a) situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood. These problems in emotional regulation can moderate a neurotics ability to think clearly, make decisions, and c ope effectively with stress (Burger, 2008).Individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low scorers experience a lot of positive feelings. Frequency of positive emotions is a component of the Extraversion domain (Burger, 2008).ApplicationThe test that I had just taken is based on the Five Factor Model of personality. There is a broad consensus amongst personality theorists that this model, which describes five major domains or traits, is the best current description of the structure of personality.The five major dimensions, and my scores on them, are described below.Factor I Extraversion (AKA Surgency)This trait reflects preference for, and behavior in, social situations. People high in extraversion are energetic and seek out the company of others. Low scorers (introverts) tend to be more quiet a nd reserved. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (25) is about average.Factor II Agreeableness (AKA Friendliness)This trait reflects how we tend to interact with others. People high in agreeableness tend to be trusting, friendly and cooperative. Low scorers tend to be more aggressive and less cooperative. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (25) is about average.Factor III Conscientiousness (AKA pull up stakes or Dependability)This trait reflects how organized and persistent we are in act our goals. High scorers are methodical, well organized and dutiful. Low scorers are less careful, less focused and more likely to be distracted from tasks. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (29) is relatively low.Factor IV Neuroticism (AKA Emotional Stability)This trait reflects the tendency to experience negative thoughts and feelings. High scorers are prone to insecuri ty and emotional distress. Low scorers tend to be more relaxed, less emotional and less prone to distress. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (25) is about average.Factor V Openness (AKA Culture or Intellect)This trait reflects open-mindedness and interest in culture. High scorers tend to be imaginative, creative, and to seek out cultural and educational experiences. Low scorers are more down-to-earth, less interested in art and more practical in nature. Compared to other people who have taken this test, my score on this dimension (21) is relatively low.(Sources adapted from Paul D. Tieger Barbara Barron (2000-2003) retrieved on 21 December 2009, from www.personalitytype.com).ConclusionIn conclusion, personality types group people into categories on the basic of shared traits and traits are durable personal qualities that are inferred from behaviour. People who have traits of the hardy personality seem to be resistant to stress, even if t hey also have Type A traits.People with Type A personalities are competitive, striving, hostile, impatient, and prone to having heart attacks. Personality variables, such as Locus of Control, Machiavellianism, are associated with behavior and performance. Although difficult to measure, these variables appear to be important personality facets in explaining and predicting individual behavior.ReferenceFunder D C. (2001). Personality. Annual Review PsychologyCoon, D. (2006). Psychology A Modular feeler to Mind and Behavior, (10th eth). Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth.James L. Gibson (1994). 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